:root {
    --page: #f3f0ea;
    --paper: #fcfbf8;
    --card: #ffffff;
    --ink: #171717;
    --muted: #5f5a52;
    --line: #d8d1c5;
    --line-strong: #b8af9f;
    --accent: #0f5d2f;
    --accent-soft: #e7f0e8;
    --dark: #121212;
    --shadow: 0 18px 48px rgba(18, 18, 18, 0.08);
    --max: 1220px;
}

* {
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
}

html {
    scroll-behavior: smooth;
}

body {
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f7f4ee 0%, var(--page) 100%);
    color: var(--ink);
    font-family: Aptos, "Segoe UI", Arial, sans-serif;
    line-height: 1.55;
}

a {
    color: inherit;
}

.page-shell {
    width: min(var(--max), calc(100% - 32px));
    margin: 0 auto;
    padding: 10px 0 40px;
}

.ecosystem-top {
    background: var(--paper);
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow);
    border-radius: 14px;
    padding: 18px 18px 16px;
    text-align: center;
}

.ecosystem-top-bar {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 8px;
    margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.ecosystem-chip {
    border: 1px solid var(--line-strong);
    border-radius: 999px;
    padding: 6px 12px;
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: var(--muted);
    background: #f7f4ee;
}

.ecosystem-chip-active {
    background: var(--ink);
    color: #ffffff;
    border-color: var(--ink);
}

.ecosystem-overline {
    margin-top: 6px;
    font-size: 0.72rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: #4f4a43;
}

.ecosystem-title {
    margin-top: 16px;
    font-family: "Iowan Old Style", Georgia, serif;
    font-size: 1.12rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.06em;
    color: var(--ink);
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

.ecosystem-subtitle {
    margin-top: 7px;
    font-family: "Iowan Old Style", Georgia, serif;
    font-size: 1.02rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.05em;
    color: var(--ink);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.ecosystem-subtitle span {
    font-weight: 700;
}

.ecosystem-footer-new {
    margin-top: 22px;
    padding: 28px;
    text-align: center;
    background: var(--paper);
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    border-radius: 14px;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow);
}

.ecosystem-link-row {
    margin-top: 12px;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 10px 16px;
}

.ecosystem-link-row a {
    text-decoration: none;
    color: var(--muted);
    font-weight: 700;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    font-size: 0.78rem;
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

.ecosystem-link-row a:hover {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.top-bar {
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
    padding: 6px 0 8px;
}

.top-bar-nav {
    display: flex;
    gap: 18px;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    font-size: 0.75rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

.top-bar-nav a {
    color: var(--muted);
    text-decoration: none;
    opacity: 0.78;
}

.top-bar-nav a:hover,
.top-bar-nav a[aria-current="page"] {
    color: var(--muted);
    opacity: 1;
}

.masthead {
    padding: 30px 0 14px;
    text-align: center;
}

.bookend-logo {
    display: block;
    width: clamp(150px, 16.5vw, 220px);
    height: auto;
    margin: 0 auto 10px;
}

.section-kicker {
    font-size: 0.76rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.22em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--muted);
}

.masthead-publication {
    font-family: "Iowan Old Style", Georgia, serif;
    font-size: 1.38rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: 0.19em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--ink);
}

.masthead-ecosystem,
.footer-ecosystem {
    margin-top: 6px;
    font-size: 0.72rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: #4f4a43;
}

.masthead-thesis,
.footer-thesis {
    margin-top: 16px;
    font-family: "Iowan Old Style", Georgia, serif;
    font-size: 1.12rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.06em;
    color: var(--ink);
    text-transform: uppercase;
}

.masthead-verified,
.footer-verified {
    font-weight: 700;
}

.masthead-process,
.footer-process {
    margin-top: 7px;
    font-family: "Iowan Old Style", Georgia, serif;
    font-size: 1.02rem;
    font-weight: 500;
    letter-spacing: 0.05em;
    color: var(--ink);
    text-transform: uppercase;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.masthead-entity,
.footer-entity {
    margin-top: 12px;
    font-size: 0.87rem;
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: 0.2em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--muted);
}

.entity-link {
    text-decoration: none;
    transition: transform 140ms ease;
}

.entity-link:hover {
    text-decoration: none;
    transform: scale(1.035);
}

.masthead-standard,
.masthead-publisher,
.footer-standard,
.footer-publisher {
    display: block;
    width: 16rem;
    text-align: center;
    margin-left: auto;
    margin-right: auto;
}

.masthead-standard,
.footer-standard {
    font-size: 1.1745rem;
    text-transform: none;
    white-space: nowrap;
}

.masthead-publisher,
.footer-publisher {
    font-size: 1.1745rem;
    color: #433f39;
}

.masthead-entity + .masthead-entity,
.footer-entity + .footer-entity {
    margin-top: 4px;
}

.masthead-rule {
    width: min(620px, 100%);
    margin: 17px auto 14px;
    border: 0;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--line-strong);
}

.masthead-publication {
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.24em;
}

.footer-copyright {
    margin-top: 12px;
    font-size: 0.82rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.08em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--ink);
}

.cover-story,
.finding-card,
.evidence-gallery,
.standard-section,
.ecosystem-footer-new {
    background: var(--paper);
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow);
}

.cover-story {
    position: relative;
    display: block;
    min-height: clamp(500px, 72svh, 860px);
    overflow: hidden;
    padding: 0;
    background: #0c0f14;
}

.cover-visual {
    margin: 0;
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
}

.cover-visual::after {
    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    inset: 0;
    background:
    linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(7, 10, 16, 0.05) 0%, rgba(7, 10, 16, 0.05) 40%, rgba(7, 10, 16, 0.22) 76%, rgba(7, 10, 16, 0.4) 100%),
    linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(7, 10, 16, 0.52) 0%, rgba(7, 10, 16, 0.34) 20%, rgba(7, 10, 16, 0.12) 44%, rgba(7, 10, 16, 0) 74%);
}

.cover-image {
    display: block;
    width: 100%;
    height: 100%;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: 52% 60%;
    background: #d8d1c5;
    transform: scale(1.01);
}

.cover-copy {
    position: relative;
    z-index: 1;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: flex-end;
    min-height: clamp(500px, 72svh, 860px);
    max-width: 650px;
    padding: clamp(28px, 4.6vw, 52px);
}

.cover-copy h1,
.finding-card h2,
.section-heading h2,
.ecosystem-stack h2,
.investigation-body h3 {
    font-family: "Iowan Old Style", Georgia, serif;
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: -0.03em;
    color: var(--ink);
}

.cover-copy h1 {
    font-size: clamp(2.9rem, 5.7vw, 5.35rem);
    line-height: 0.92;
    margin: 10px 0 18px;
    max-width: none;
    color: #f7f2e8;
    text-shadow: 0 10px 32px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.34);
}

.cover-copy h1 span {
    display: block;
}

.cover-meta {
    list-style: none;
    display: grid;
    gap: 6px;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    max-width: 22ch;
    font-size: 0.82rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.11em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: rgba(246, 241, 232, 0.82);
}

.cover-link,
.text-link {
    width: fit-content;
    color: var(--accent);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 600;
}

.cover-link::after,
.text-link::after {
    content: " →";
}

.cover-copy .section-kicker {
    color: rgba(246, 241, 232, 0.76);
    margin-bottom: 2px;
}

.cover-link {
    margin-top: 20px;
    padding: 0;
    border: 0;
    color: #f7f2e8;
    background: transparent;
    font-size: 0.98rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.03em;
    font-weight: 500;
}

.cover-link:hover {
    background: transparent;
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.cover-link:hover,
.text-link:hover {
    text-decoration: underline;
}

.finding-card,
.evidence-gallery,
.standard-section,
.ecosystem-footer-new {
    margin-top: 22px;
    padding: 28px;
}

.finding-card h2 {
    margin: 10px 0 14px;
    font-size: clamp(1.9rem, 3vw, 3rem);
    max-width: 24ch;
}

.finding-card p,
.flow-step p,
.investigation-body p,
.section-heading p {
    color: var(--muted);
}

.finding-card p {
    max-width: 58ch;
    margin-bottom: 14px;
}

.evidence-gallery {
    margin-top: 22px;
    padding: 28px;
}

.gallery-groups {
    display: grid;
    gap: 16px;
}

.gallery-group {
    background: var(--card);
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    padding: 18px;
}

.gallery-group h3 {
    font-family: "Iowan Old Style", Georgia, serif;
    font-size: 1.28rem;
    letter-spacing: -0.01em;
    margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.gallery-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(130px, 160px));
    justify-content: start;
    gap: 12px;
}

.gallery-grid figure {
    background: #f7f4ee;
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    overflow: hidden;
}

.gallery-grid img {
    display: block;
    width: 100%;
    height: 110px;
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: center center;
    background: #d8d1c5;
}

/* Keep top generic speed tests cropped and centered. */
.gallery-group[aria-labelledby="google-tests-title"] .gallery-grid img {
    object-fit: cover;
    object-position: 50% 50%;
}

/* Show complete frames for Ookla and iPhone shots so key values stay centered. */
.gallery-group[aria-labelledby="ookla-tests-title"] .gallery-grid img,
.gallery-group[aria-labelledby="starlink-tests-title"] .gallery-grid img {
    object-fit: contain;
    background: #0b0b0b;
}

.gallery-group[aria-labelledby="ookla-tests-title"] .gallery-grid img {
    object-position: 50% 56%;
}

.gallery-group[aria-labelledby="starlink-tests-title"] .gallery-grid img {
    object-position: 50% 52%;
}

.gallery-grid figcaption {
    padding: 8px 10px;
    font-size: 0.84rem;
    letter-spacing: 0.04em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    color: var(--muted);
}

.section-heading {
    margin-bottom: 22px;
}

.section-heading h2 {
    margin-top: 10px;
    font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3vw, 2.8rem);
}

.standard-flow {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));
    gap: 18px;
    margin-bottom: 18px;
}

.flow-step {
    padding: 20px 18px;
    border-top: 2px solid var(--line-strong);
    background: var(--card);
}

.flow-step h3 {
    font-size: 1.1rem;
    margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.published-shell,
.article-shell {
    display: grid;
    gap: 22px;
}

.published-intro,
.published-card,
.article-header,
.article-panel,
.article-highlight,
.article-nav {
    background: var(--paper);
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    box-shadow: var(--shadow);
}

.published-intro,
.published-card,
.article-header,
.article-panel,
.article-highlight,
.article-nav {
    padding: 24px;
}

.published-intro h1,
.article-header h1,
.article-panel h2 {
    font-family: "Iowan Old Style", Georgia, serif;
    font-weight: 600;
    letter-spacing: -0.03em;
    color: var(--ink);
}

.published-intro h1,
.article-header h1 {
    margin-top: 12px;
    font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 4vw, 4rem);
    line-height: 1.04;
}

.published-intro p,
.published-card p,
.article-header p,
.article-panel p,
.article-panel li,
.article-highlight p,
.article-nav p {
    color: var(--muted);
}

.published-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
    gap: 18px;
}

.published-card h2,
.article-panel h2 {
    margin: 10px 0 12px;
    font-size: 1.8rem;
}

.published-card .question,
.article-panel ul,
.article-panel ol {
    margin-top: 10px;
}

.published-card .text-link {
    margin-top: 12px;
}

.article-header-meta {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 10px 16px;
    margin-top: 16px;
    padding-top: 16px;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
    color: var(--muted);
    font-size: 0.94rem;
}

.article-highlight h2 {
    margin-bottom: 10px;
    font-size: 1.5rem;
}

.article-nav {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    gap: 16px;
    align-items: center;
}

.article-nav-links {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 12px 18px;
}

@media (max-width: 1024px) {
    .cover-story,
    .standard-flow,
    .published-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
    }
}

@media (max-width: 720px) {
    .page-shell {
        width: min(var(--max), calc(100% - 20px));
        padding-bottom: 24px;
    }

    .cover-story,
    .finding-card,
    .evidence-gallery,
    .standard-section,
    .ecosystem-footer-new,
    .ecosystem-top,
    .published-intro,
    .published-card,
    .article-header,
    .article-panel,
    .article-highlight,
    .article-nav {
        padding: 20px;
    }

    .cover-meta,
    .footer-meta,
    .top-bar-nav,
    .article-header-meta,
    .article-nav,
    .ecosystem-stack {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 8px;
    }

    .cover-image {
        min-height: 280px;
        object-position: 58% 58%;
    }

    .cover-story {
        min-height: 78svh;
    }

    .cover-copy {
        min-height: 78svh;
        max-width: none;
        padding: 22px 18px 24px;
    }

    .cover-copy .section-kicker {
        margin-bottom: 4px;
    }

    .cover-copy h1 {
        font-size: clamp(2.45rem, 11.4vw, 3.7rem);
        line-height: 0.9;
        margin: 8px 0 16px;
    }

    .cover-meta {
        max-width: 17ch;
        gap: 5px;
        font-size: 0.72rem;
        letter-spacing: 0.09em;
    }

    .cover-link {
        margin-top: 18px;
        font-size: 0.94rem;
    }

    .cover-story,
    .cover-copy {
        min-height: 72svh;
    }

    .cover-copy {
        padding: 22px;
    }

    .cover-copy h1 {
        font-size: clamp(2.6rem, 12vw, 4rem);
        max-width: 9ch;
    }

    .cover-meta {
        font-size: 0.76rem;
        gap: 6px;
        letter-spacing: 0.07em;
    }

    .masthead-process,
    .footer-process,
    .ecosystem-subtitle {
        white-space: normal;
    }

    .bookend-logo {
        width: clamp(132px, 42vw, 186px);
        margin-bottom: 8px;
    }
}